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Mach-O, short for Machobject file format, is a file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, dynamically-loaded code, and core dumps. A replacement for the a.out format, Mach-O offers more extensibility and faster access to information in the symbol table.

Mach-O is used by most systems based on the Mach kernel. NeXTSTEP, macOS, and iOS are examples of systems that use this format for native executables, libraries and object code.

Mach-O file layout[edit]

Each Mach-O file is made up of one Mach-O header, followed by a series of load commands, followed by one or more segments, each of which contains between 0 and 255 sections. Mach-O uses the REL relocation format to handle references to symbols. When looking up symbols Mach-O uses a two-level namespace that encodes each symbol into an 'object/symbol name' pair that is then linearly searched for by first the object and then the symbol name.^[1]

Ld Warning The I386 Architecture Is Deprecated For Macos

The basic structure—a list of variable-length 'load commands' that reference pages of data elsewhere in the file^[2]—was also used in the executable file format for Accent.^{[citation needed]} The Accent file format was in turn, based on an idea from Spice Lisp.^{[citation needed]}

Multi-architecture binaries[edit]

Under NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, macOS, and iOS, multiple Mach-O files can be combined in a multi-architecture binary. This allows a single binary file to contain code to support multiple instruction set architectures. For example, a multi-architecture binary for iOS can have 6 instruction set architectures, namely ARMv6 (for iPhone, 3G and 1st / 2nd generation iPod touch), ARMv7 (for iPhone 3GS, 4, 4S, iPad, 2, 3rd generation and 3rd–5th generation iPod touch), ARMv7s (for iPhone 5 and iPad (4th generation)), ARMv8 (for iPhone 5S), x86 (for iPhone simulator on 32-bit machines) and x86_64 (64-bit simulator).^{[citation needed]}

Minimum OS version[edit]

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With the introduction of Mac OS X 10.6 platform the Mach-O file underwent a significant modification that causes binaries compiled on a computer running 10.6 or later to be (by default) executable only on computers running Mac OS X 10.6 or later. The difference stems from load commands that the dynamic linker, in previous Mac OS X versions, does not understand. Another significant change to the Mach-O format is the change in how the Link Edit tables (found in the __LINKEDIT section) function. In 10.6 these new Link Edit tables are compressed by removing unused and unneeded bits of information, however Mac OS X 10.5 and earlier cannot read this new Link Edit table format. To make backwards-compatible executables, the linker flag '-mmacosx-version-min=' can be used.

Other implementations[edit]

Some versions of NetBSD have had Mach-O support added as part of an implementation of binary compatibility, which allowed some Mac OS 10.3 binaries to be executed.^[3][4]

For Linux, a Mach-O loader was written by Shinichiro Hamaji^[5] that can load 10.6 binaries. As a more extensive solution based on this loader, the Darling Project aims at providing a complete environment allowing OS X applications to run on Linux.

For the Ruby programming language, the ruby-macho^[6] library provides an implementation of a Mach-O binary parser and editor.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference'. Apple Inc. February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
2. ^Avadis Tevanian, Jr.; Richard F. Rashid; Michael W. Young; David B. Golub; Mary R. Thompson; William Bolosky; Richard Sanzi. 'A Unix Interface for Shared Memory and Memory Mapped Files Under Mach': 8.Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
3. ^Emmanuel Dreyfus (June 20, 2006). 'Mach and Darwin binary compatiblity [sic] for NetBSD/powerpc and NetBSD/i386'. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
4. ^Emmanuel Dreyfus (September 2004), Mac OS X binary compatibility on NetBSD: challenges and implementation(PDF)
5. ^Shinichiro Hamaji, Mach-O loader for Linux - I wrote...
6. ^William Woodruff, A pure-Ruby library for parsing Mach-O files.

External links[edit]

• OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference (Apple Inc.)
• Mach-O(5) – Darwin and macOS File Formats Manual
• Mach Object Files (NEXTSTEP documentation)

The first part of this document describes issues you should consider when bringing code to a 64-bit architecture. You should read through those chapters before you compile your code for the first time, to help you determine whether the compiler warnings are useful or relevant (and possibly do an initial code scrub to look for common errors).

After you have read those chapters, it's time to compile your code with a 64-bit target architecture. You can either compile your code directly (using GCC) or through Xcode. This chapter takes you through the process of setting up your build environment for 64-bit compilation.

Compiling 64-Bit Code Using GCC

For the most part, compiling 64-bit code using GCC works the same way as compiling 32-bit code; there are a few exceptions, however:

• You must use GCC 4.0 or later. To choose a GCC version to be used when typing gcc on the command line, type gcc_select 4.0. To change the GCC version to be used in Xcode, see Compiling 64-Bit Code Using Xcode.

• You should turn on the -Wall flag (and possibly the -Wconversion flag if you are debugging conversion problems) in order to get additional warnings about potential pointer truncation and other issues.

• You must specify a 64-bit architecture with -arch x86_64. You can also compile binaries with multiple architectures, such as -arch ppc -arch i386 -arch x86_64.

In addition to these exceptions, there are a few new flags and features added for 64-bit architectures. Also, a few flags are not available for 64-bit architectures. The key differences are described in the next section.

New Flags and Features for 64-Bit Architectures

Several flags related to 64-bit architectures have been added or modified in GCC:

The 64-bit x86 architecture option.

Although not technically new for 64-bit architectures, this option is mostly useful when transitioning 32-bit code to 64-bit. This flag causes additional warnings to be printed when certain conversions occur between data types of different sizes. Most of these warnings will not be useful, so you should not necessarily fix everything that generates a warning with this flag. However, you may sometimes find this flag useful for tracking down hard-to-find edge cases.

In particular, this flag can also help track down edge cases in which a series of legal conversions result in an illegal conversion. For example, with this flag, the compiler will issue a warning if you assign a pointer to a 64-bit integer, pass that pointer into a 32-bit function argument, and subsequently convert the 64-bit function result back into a pointer.

Of course, this flag also produces numerous unexpected warnings that are harmless. For example, in ANSI C, a character literal (for example, 'c') is of type int, so passing it to a function that takes type char gives a truncation warning. Although the warning is pedantically correct, it is largely irrelevant. You’ll have to sort through all these warnings by hand and determine which ones are legitimate and which ones are fiction.

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While not a 64-bit-specific flag, this flag will help you catch mistakes in format arguments to printf, sprintf, and similar functions. This flag is turned on by default if you use the -Wall flag.

This flag is like -Wconversion, but is specific to 64-bit data types. This flag causes GCC to issue a warning whenever a value is implicitly converted (truncated) from a 64-bit type to a 32-bit type. You should fix any warnings generated by this flag, as they are likely to be bugs.

In addition, the following flags are highly recommended:

The I386 Architecture Is Deprecated For Macos

Turns on a lot of generally useful warnings.

Warns if a function is used prior to its declaration. This can help catch many mistakes caused by differing sizes of function arguments and return types.

Compiling 64-Bit Code Using Xcode

This section explains how to get started compiling 64-bit code using Xcode. These instructions assume that you have already installed the necessary command-line components—that is, a 64-bit–aware version of the compiler, linker, assembler, and other low-level tools.

With Xcode 1.0 and later, you can build multiarchitecture binaries (MABs). Because each target can define the set of architectures for the target being built, you can disallow architectures on a per-target basis. You might, for example, choose to build a target with a reduced list of architectures if the target contains assembler code for a particular processor or is not 64-bit-clean.

Each time you run the command-line tool xcodebuild, you can specify which target architectures to build. You can also configure a 'build style' to build a particular set of architectures from within Xcode.

Xcode then builds the target for each of the architectures specified, skipping any architectures that the target does not support. If the target doesn't support any of the specified architectures, that target is skipped entirely.

The build setting VALID_ARCHS defines the architectures for which a given target can be built. This setting should contain a list of architectures separated by spaces. For example, to specify that your target can be built for i386, and x86_64, set VALID_ARCHS to 'i386 x86_64' (without the quotes) in the Xcode inspector for your target.

The build setting ARCHS defines the architectures for which the entire project should be built. This setting should also contain a space-delimited list of architectures. This build setting can be defined either on the command-line to xcodebuild, or in a build style in Xcode.

For example, to build your project for both 32-bit and 64-bit Intel architectures, type:

You can also set ARCHS='i386 x86_64' in a build style in your project. Similarly, if you want to build only a 64-bit Intel version, specify ARCHS='x86_64'.

If your source code includes special 64-bit versions of framework headers or library headers, you may need to add search paths to the Header Search Paths and Framework Search Paths build settings in the target inspector.

If you are building a target for more than one architecture at the same time, you will see each source file being compiled more than once. This is normal behavior. Xcode compiles each source file once for each architecture so that you can pass different compiler flags for each architecture. The files are glued together at the end of compilation using lipo. For more information, see lipo.

Using Architecture-Specific Flags

Normally, any build settings you specify in the target inspector are used for all architectures for which the target is built. In many cases, however, you need to specify different flags for 64-bit architectures.

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If you want to specify additional per-architecture compiler flags, you can use the PER_ARCH_CFLAGS_<arch> family of build settings, where <arch> is the name of the architecture. For example, to specify compiler flags that apply only to 64-bit Intel compilation, add them to the PER_ARCH_CFLAGS_x86_64 build setting.

For example, if you want to make your 64-bit slice run only on OS X v10.6 instead of v10.5, you could set a per-architecture value for “OS X Deployment Target”:

• Click the target and choose “Get Info” from the File menu.

• Click “OS X Deployment Target”.

• Click the gear at the lower left corner of the info window and choose “Add Build Condition Setting” from the resulting pop-up menu.

• Change the architecture to “Intel 64-bit” and specify the x86-64 setting for this option.

• Add additional conditions as needed for additional architectures.

• Change the main setting (above the constrained settings) to whatever you want the default value to be.

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